The Need for Slavery in the Colonies - 856 Words

The Need for Slavery in the Colonies Farming, sewing, and taking care of livestock were just a few responsibilities that were left to slaves during the 1600 s. White families received all of the benefits from the work done, yet they rarely had to lift a finger, unless it was to correct a slave. Today s generation reads about slavery and regards it as morally wrong. While I agree that slavery was one of America s greatest wrongdoings, it paved the way for America as we know it today. One of the largest uses of slave labor was in the southern plantations. Virginia s economy depended greatly on the production of tobacco. However, the problem being that tobacco plants required thousands of workers to produce the extensive amount†¦show more content†¦There were other advantages to slavery in the 1600 and 1700 s other than working on the plantations. Once the slave trade started, slavery became a hereditary disease. If a slave bore a child, that child was automatically forc ed into slavery for the rest of his or her life. This led to generations upon generations of slaves, and a plentiful investment for their masters. While indentured servants were cheaper than slaves, slaves were the property of the master for life, rather than just five years. Servants were treated even worse for this reason, but slaves were not treated much better. The master did not have to pay for much once the slave was purchased, except for a small ration of food everyday, and thin cloth for the slave to wear . Although the slaves were treated poorly, they had a responsibility to be loyal to their masters. In A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes, Richard Ligon describes the treatment of slaves and servants. He tells about a time in which the thoughtless servants accidentally set their masters land on fire. Since the servants did not owe any certain loyalty to their master, they did nothing to stop it. However, the slaves risked their lives to stop the fir e, seeing it as their own duty . Having the slaves on the land protected it from any mishaps. The slaveShow MoreRelatedEssay on Importance of Slavery to the Southern Way of Life1465 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Slavery to the Southern Way of Life America almost from the beginning was heavily dependent on forced labour. In 1619, John Rolfe in Virgina reported about the last day of August came in a butch man-of-war that sold us 20 negers. This is the first record of Africans settling in America. The Southern colonies were more dependent on labour then the North, as the climate in the South was ideal for plantation agricultural. In the 17th century the basisRead MoreAfrican Americans and Cotton Fields1233 Words   |  5 PagesWhen we think about slavery we perceive it to be African Americans working on a cotton field, but where did that perception come from and where did slavery begin in North America? Slavery has been one of the longest standing legal systems used throughout history. History shows that the first settlers in North America, both the Vikings and Native Americans, were the first cultures to practice slavery in the area. Slavery continued through early modern history, aiding in the discovery of North AmericaRead MoreEconomic, Geographic, And Social Factors1352 Words   |  6 Pagesencourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of the southern colonies between 1607 and 1775? The introduction of Africans to America in 1619 set off an irreversible chain of events that effected the economy of the southern colonies. With a switch from the expensive system of indentured servitude, slavery emerged and grew rapidly for various reasons, consisting of economic, geographic, and social factors. The expansion of slavery in the southern colonies, from the founding ofRead MoreThe Identity Of The American Revolution1527 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Revolution. 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In 1763 Britain decided to end the neglect and parliament turned its attention to a more controlling attitude toward the American colonies. This new found attention to the colonies caused BritishRead MoreFrench Dbq764 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of slavery has been a major point of debate in the history of man. The rights of African slaves during the Enlightenment and the French Revolution created controversies arose over the issue of slavery. People living in France during the Enlightenment and revolutionary times had debated that slavery was needed in order for France to avoid an economic shock, slavery should end, slaves needed rights, and slaves were better off being slaves than free. Men hadargued that slavery was neededRead More slavery in 18th century Essay956 Words   |  4 Pagesslavery in 18th century Despite the horror of the word slavery we have to admit that slaves have played a big role in rising big empires. For example the Egyptians used slaves to build their majestic pyramids, the Chinese and Indian used slaves for large-scale construction and agricultural and the Hebrews also used slaves. Slaves were brought from Africa to the British American colonies to work in agriculture and farming, which among other factors made the British colonies in America become soRead MoreThe Chesapeake Bay Colonies988 Words   |  4 Pagesof years, usually between four and seven, in exchange for transportation to the colonies. The Chesapeake Bay colonies, Virginia and Maryland, where especially condition to use indentured servants. During this essay I will explain why the Chesapeake Bay colonies were in such need of the servants and why eventually they turned to slavery to fill the void left by the indentured servants. In the Chesapeake Bay colonies the English colonist found that tobacco grew very well in the warm environment, butRead MoreHigman Essay1380 Words   |  6 PagesWhen slavery was abolished in Britain in 1808, the Atlantic slave trade had been going on for centuries. The abolition movement comes from a history that stems deep. In order to fully understand the movement, one must educate themselves on various aspects such as, how it all began and the leading campaigners against the slave trade. With such knowledge, one may be able to piece together the many reasons why the abolishment of the slave trade took two decades to cease in Great Britain. Despite theRead MoreSlavery and the Economy of the Southern Colonies Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesto they could not live without it. This is what African slaves were to the Southern colonists. Slavery was a huge factor in the Southerner’s lives. Originally the colonists used indentured servants to work in their homes and on their pl antations. This situation was not ideal because the Southern farmers wanted more control over their workers (orange). Virginian farmers heard about the success of slavery in the Caribbean and thought it would be a good solution to their problems (blue). The southern

Student Study Section Free Essays

STUDENT STUDY SECTION Review questions Study the timeline above and then read the following quotation. The nation that political problems could more naturally be solved by violence than by debate was firmly entrenched in a country in which for a thousand years civil war has been if not exactly the norm then certainly no rarity. From Paul Preton, The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge, 2006 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Study Section or any similar topic only for you Order Now Looking at the timeline above showing events in Spain in the 19th and early 20th centuries, what evidence is there for Preston’s argument? 2. What factors were causing tension in Spain during this time? (Economic, military, religious, political? ) 3. What example of foreign intervention was there in Spain in the 29th century? STUDENT STUDY SECTION Review questions 1. Draw a mind map or spider diagram of the key issues dividing Spain by 1931 2. Explain the events that led to the fall of Kind Alfonso in 1931. 3. Looking at the long-term issues in Spain and the political events of the 19th century, what problems was the Second Republic likely to face? Do you consider that war was inevitable by mid 1931? STUDENT STUDY SECTION Review questions How did the actions of the Second republic create more tension? In what way did they, in Paul Preston’s words, ensure that Spain’s underlying conflicts ere transmitted into national politics? STUDENT STUDY SECTION Research activity Research the Asturian miner’ uprising of 1934. In Paris, discuss the extent to which you agree that this was an attempted revolution. STUDENT STUDY SECTION Review questions 1. To what extent did economic issues lead to a civil war? 2. What was the impact of international events to the growing divisions in Spain Class debate Divide the class into three groups. Each group needs to argue one of the following: * The right wing was responsible for the Spanish Civil War * The left wing was responsible for the Spanish Civil War * Both left and right were equally responsible for the Spanish Civil War STUDENT STUDY SECTION Review activity Look back at the timeline on pp. 235-36. Identify key points where foreign intervention plays a significant role in the fighting. STUDENT STUDY SECTION Document analysis What civisms does Salvodo make of the Non-intervention Committee (p. 238)? Research activity In small group, research the different countries, groups and famous individuals that went to Spain to fight in the international Brigades; for example, the Abraham Lincoln Brigade from USA. STUDENT STUDY SECTION Review activities Summarize the key points made in the text in grid: | Nationalists | Republicans | Political strengths/weaknesses| | | Military strengths/weaknesses| | | Economic advantages/ Disadvantages| | | Foreign assistance| | | Class debate Divide the class into two groups. One side will argue that the Nationalists’ strengths won the Spanish Civil War, the other will argue that it was due to Republican weaknesses. The motion is: The strengths of the Nationalists won the Civil War. Each side must have a series of thematic and coherent arguments. To gain a point, they have to support arguments with clear evidence. STUDENT STUDY SECTION Read the following sources and answer the questions: Document A The nationalists maintained that Guernical had been blown up by the Basques themselves, in order to discredit the blameless Nationalists. A later version said that Republican planes dropped bomb to detonate charges dynamite placed in the sewers. Twenty years later it was still a crime in Franco’s Spain to say that Guernical had been destroyed by the Nationalists. Document B Our consciences were uneasy about it. After living through the raid we knew only too well that the destruction had come from the air. The Reds had hardly any planes, we knew that too. Amongst our own, we’d admit the truth: our side had bombed the town and it was a bad thing. But what can we do about it now? We’d say. It was simply better to keep quite. From a statement by Juan Sangroniz, a Nationalists, quoted in Ronald Fraser, Blood of Spain Document C The Germans said the wind caused the bombes to drift eastwards [the target had been a bridge on the river]. In fact Guernica was a military target, being a communications centre close to the line. Retreating republican soldiers could only escape with any ease through Guernical because the bridge over the river was the last one before the sea. But if the aim of the Condor Legion was destroy the bridge why did they not use their supremely accurate stuka bombers? At least part to aim must have been to cause maximum panic and confusion among civilians as well as soldier. The use of incendiary bombs proves that some destruction of buildings and people other than it bridge must have been intended From Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, 1977 Questions 1. In what ways are the views expressed in Document A supported by the views in Document B 2. What reasons are identified in Document C for the bombing of Guernica? STUDENT STUDY SECTION Essay work Planning essay in an essential way to revise topics as you approach examinations. In pairs or groups, plan out the essays below. Your plan should include: * An introduction written out in full * The opening sentence for each paragraph setting out your ‘topic’ * Bullet points setting out the evidence to go in each paragraph * A conclusion written out in full Each group should present it essay plan to the rest of the class. How much overlap of content is three between the different essay plans? Some hints are given for your planning in the first 3 essays Essay 1 Analyze the causes of the Spain Civil War. You could structure this essay thematically, and consider the key issues in the long term and the short term. Your analysis should then explain why there was tension that intensified over time. Remember to include the ‘trigger’ of the civil war, as this explains why the war broke out when it did. * Themes: 1898-1931 –Economic/Social/Polical/Empire * Themes:1931-36 –Land reforms/Church reforms/Social unrest /Reaction of right/Popular Front * Trigger:1936 –The attempted coup. Essays 2 What were the key effects of the Spanish Civil War? You might want to include material from this chapter on the ‘nature’ of the war in this essay, as well as focusing on the more general results. It might be helpful for you to structure your essay in two parts: effects of the war internally on Spain, and then effects of the war external on the other countries. Remember to attempt to adopt a thematic approach. Essay 3 What was the impact of foreign intervention in the Spain Civil War? You could discuss this question in terms of how the ‘nature’ of the war was affected by foreign intervention: * Polarizing the complex political divisions in Spain * Increasing the brutality and casualty rate * Protracting the war. You could then discuss this question in terms of how the ‘outcome’ of the war was affected by foreign intervention† * Germany/Italy/Portugal: Strengthening the military capabilities of the Nationalists * USSR: Weakening the political unity of the Republic, and then undermining its ability to wage war by withdrawing support * NIC and Neutrals benefited the Nationalists Now attempt to make detailed plans for the following essay questions: * In what ways and to what extent, did social and religious divisions lead to war in Spain in 1936? * To what extent was the Spanish Civil War caused by division in Spain and in Spain society? Assess the impact of political and constitutional developments in Spain between 1930 and 1939 * Why did the Constitutional Monarchy in Spain collapse in 1931? * Carlism is a political movement in Spain that looks to establish a separate line of the Bourbon family on the Spanish throne. This line is descended from Carlos V ( 1788-1855). * The Civil Guard was founded in 1844. Its purpose was to control the peasantry, maintain the status quo and stamp out any anti-monarchist, revolutionary sentiment. It was particularly active in the Basque Provinces and was hated by the peasantry. It was later to play a role in supporting the conservative downers in resisting the reforms of the Second Republic. * The destabilization of the Spanish electoral system is the worth nothing that the Spain electoral system ensured that only a small swing in the number of votes cast had a huge effect on the parliamentary system. Thus, although there was only a minor shift of votes from the left to the right, there was a big change in parliamentary power. The same was ro happen in 1926 when the Popular front gained control. The instability created by the electoral system was a contributory factor to the breakdown of the Second Republic. How to cite Student Study Section, Essay examples

Scarlet letter and ministers b Essay Example For Students

Scarlet letter and ministers b Essay In every difference there is also some sort of similarity. This is true with anything on earth. This is also obvious in literature. The novel the Scarlet Letter and the short story â€Å"The Ministers Black Veil† are very different, but in every way they’re different they can be shown alike also. One example of this is the writing style of the two stories. They are different. The obvious difference is the Scarlet Letter is a novel but the â€Å"Ministers Black Veil† is a short story. The stories take place in two completely different places. Also the people portrayed have different roles in society showing that the writing of both is diverse and yet they are the same. How? that is the question. Both stories are written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. In both of the stories he has a style in which he gives vague descriptions and sets the scene. Then he flows into the story. Also both the stories deal with religion and sin which is from the main character. Also the sin is represented by a piece of cloth and this is very effective and is included in hawthornes writing style. Speaking of Characters that is another difference between the two stories. The most obvious difference is the sex of the characters. The minister being a guy and Hester a female. Also the nature of the Characters sin is different. Hester being an adulteress and the ministers sin being unknown. Also the item used in representation of their sin is different. Hester had the elaborately stitched and extremely colorful and pretty letter where the minister had a veil a plain black veil. The profession of each was different hester being a seamstress the minister being well a minister. And heste r came out of this whole thing with a kid the minister didn’t. In every difference you find a likeness as seen in the characters of the stories. Obviously both have sinned and both cover this sin up with cloth. They both sorta frightening the rest of the town which is interesting because only one becomes outkasted. But both of them lose relationships. Hester loses her husband, the minister loses his fiance. The conclusion is no matter how much difference you see between two things there is also a lot of likeness. Just two aspects the characters and the writing style provide many similarities and many differences.

London as a Global City

Introduction A global city is a city which has a big economic significance in the world. Thus for a city to be deemed as global or world class it has to pass certain criteria. These criteria include economic characteristics, political characteristics, cultural characteristics, transport characteristics, and many others such as population, information exchange, human capital, and business activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on London as a Global City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to recent surveys Asian cities are emerging as newcomers in the prominence of cities on the globe. For instance in the latest survey according to Kearney (2010), 5 of the top ten global cities come from Asia. Currently London is ranked second after New York City. Reasons why London is a global city The city of London is considered a global city because of many reasons. The city is a metropolitan and therefore it has a mi xture of different cultures. According to Bloomberg Businessweek (2010), London ranks second after New York. This index is based on the rich human resource and the cultural wealth and other strengths. Business activities in London are also of a very high index. The human capital of the British capital is also increasing. Population of London According to Bentham (2010), London’s population is set to reach 8.3 million people. This means that the population is increasing by 10% in a period of eight years. In addition to this, more people in England are moving from the rural areas into London for many reasons. The report also states that fewer Londoners are moving abroad. Increased population has the advantage of increased human resource and also the presence of a ready market for goods and services. GDP of London The GDP of London is currently on the rise. As Packer (2004) writes, London has grown to become a major financial centre of the world. London is a metropolitan capital and which still remains a powerful center where the world gets sucked. Before being overtaken by New York in the twentieth century, London had been leading other world cities in terms of size and wealth. Cultural wealth of London Since time immemorial, London has continued to increase in its cosmopolitan state. The British capital has continued to attract human labor from across the whole world. For instance it attributes its name from Italian linguistics whereby the city of London emanated from the Roman Londonium which was a tribal capital of Britannia. Cultural wealth of London is an accompaniment of the way in which Britain gained colonial powers. Slave trade as Packer (2004) puts it, made Britain ports to fill with cultural diversity which later on spread to the interior.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Transport facilities London has invested heavily in the transport sector. Th ere is an excellent network of roads and railway lines traversing across London. London is also well known for its highly developed marine transport. The good network of transport facilities provides the ease of movement of goods to and from the market. Movement of Human labor is also enhanced. According to Litman (2006), London has continued to decongest its roads by implementing certain measures. Henrion (2010), also states that businessmen can travel quickly into London from other European cities. Medical facilities in London London is well endowed with world class medical facilities. According to Uhlhorn (2010), London health care facilities are among the top of the world as it is with the Australian facilities. Major laboratory researches are done in London universities. Medical centers such as the UCL medical center are also characterized by world class research facilities. Information exchange of London London was among the first city in the world to use transmission of infor mation in form of radio waves. The use of this system is dated back during the Second World War when Britain used the technology of radar to track airplanes. London has also excelled in the IT sector such that its development has also been attributed to its existing IT policies. Business and economic activities There are many business activities in London. The major businesses activities include stock exchange, banking industry, insurance industry, transport industry, real estate business among others. Services in the business industry also present a major source of income for the Londoners. The City University, London (2010) informs how information exchange is used in almost all sectors and how Londoners are being educated on how to use this system. Political stability Political stability of Britain has enabled her capital to grow expansively throughout the years. British political system has enhanced the presence of peace. The presence of peace makes London an attractive place to invest, visit or live. According to Durham (2005), political situation in London has been formulated to accommodate all kinds of people including gays. Conclusion In conclusion London’s prosperity has been depending upon the above factors. Other factors which have enabled London to develop to a world class city include, tourism sector whereby people from all over the world have been able to access London’s beauty. London has some of the best hotels in the world. In addition to all the above, Britain also has an excellent learning system whereby some of the universities are well known to be world class. This is according to the Consolidated School District of New Britain (2010)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on London as a Global City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Bentham, (2010). Population of London set to hit 8.3m high, Evening Standard, 2010 Web. Available at: http://www.thisisl ondon.co.uk/standard/article-23838968-population-of-london-set-to-. Bloomberg (2010). Business week, top global cities 2010 Web. Available at: http://images.businessweek.com/ss/10/09/0928_best_global_cities_2010/3.htmhit-83m-high.do . City University, London (2010). Guidelines on the use of Display Screen Equipment Web. Available at: http://www.city.ac.uk/hr/policies/wellbeing/display.html. Durham, M. (2005). Abortion, Gay Rights and Politics in Britain and America: A Comparison, Parliamentary Affairs Vol. 58 No. 1, Hansard Society for Parliamentary Government 2005, pp 89-103 Henrion, N. (2010). Transportation Guide from Paris to London by Air, Rail and Road Web. Available at: http://www.suite101.com/content/transportation-guide-from-paris-to-london-by-air-rail-and-road-a266441. Kearney, A.T. (2010). Global cities index Web. Available at: http://www.atkearney.com/index.php/Publications/global-cities-index.html . Litman, T. (2006). London Congestion Pricing Implications for Other Ci ties. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, pp 8.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Packer, D. (2004). London: Heart of Empire and Global City Socialist Outlook: SO/04 –  Autumn 2004 Web. Available at: http://www.isg-fi.org.uk/spip.php?article260 . The Consolidated School District of New Britain ct, (2010). Britain Board of Education website Web. Available at: http://www.csdnb.org/#home. Uhlhorn, D. (2010). The fifth estate, Medical facilities: Translational research – from the  Bench to the bedside Web. Available at: http://www.thefifthestate.com.au/ . This essay on London as a Global City was written and submitted by user Journee Bender to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. London as a Global City A global city is characterized by several factors like a centre for world finance and trade flows, immigration in large scale, growing income, and polarized occupation (Sassen, 2001) (Eade, 2000). London has attained the level of being characterized as a global city due to its effort of increasing citizen’s income and occupation. For several years, business inputs in London city have been high as well as large commercial spaces and availability of labour. Like other global cities, luxury goods are offered in most of the selling places.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on London as a Global City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the immigrants and other minority groups cannot afford to purchase these goods, and hence why they take an extra step of purchasing them from the co ethnic producers or even from other low cost shops of other immigrants. In London, there are niche markets composed of small pack ed goods which are meant to target the most competent consumers. However, this has led to labour intensive which mostly results from immigrants (Atkinson, and Bridge, 2004). City of London like many other global cities has an increased population of immigrants which has led to a major growth of small scale producers. This has led to a noted competition between large stores and supermarkets with small scale producers. It has been recognized as a world class and full of much dynamism due to its ability of giving many people different types of benefits and creation of opportunities. To mention but a few, London is a centre for transport which creates a connection between Europe and most parts of the world. According to Amin (2006), airport terminals in London conduct more than 110000 flights in one month. Diversity is another opportunity offered by the global city of London due to its high population capacity which was estimated to be around 7.62 million by the year 2008, Cowan, (2005) . The city population is mainly composed of black and other minority groups such as Asians. It is looking forward to have these groups as the majority in working age population by 2013. As far as communication is concerned, Londoners speak in more than 300 languages with more than 15 different religions. In terms of business and finance, London has qualified to be a global city as it received the highest number of votes as a European city conducting different types of businesses. This was based on the factors that it has an easier accessibility to various markets, availability of highly qualified personnel who can ensure the success of most businesses. Its internal and external transport and communication connections are effective. Different languages which are spoken in this global city also make it possible for the business transactions to be conducted smoothly (Block, 2007) (Fyfe Kenny, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help yo u! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More London city has also managed to be the European headquarters for the most prestigious global companies which are over 550 in number. Most of the issues affecting these companies are tabled in London city. Globally, there are a lot of foreign transactions which are conducted regularly and more than 50% of these transactions are traded in London city. This city has also offered a place to the whole world where majority of currency exchanges are performed more than how it’s done in New York or Tokyo. In addition, more than 80% of all the commerce duties done in London are international. This makes this city to be outstanding than other cities that relies on the domestic markets, making it a global city (Hall, 2001) (Sassen, 2000). Environmentally, most cities are faced by different challenges and the way in which a city faces its challenges determines its position to be recognized as a global city (Block, 2008). London ci ty has developed some technical ways through which it faces its challenges like developing environmental excellence which can effectively accommodate climate changes. These techniques include dividing energy production units and coming up with congestion charge. Most of the environmental challenges which are faced by London city are as a result of purchases and usage of energy (Clark, 2003). Another reason which qualifies London as a global city is excellence in knowledge. London is recognized by its strong foundation in improving scientific matters and in advancement of its technology. Several scientific events and designs have placed this city on a very competitive edge (Paddison, 2001). Most of the well known researchers have been promoted in London city through advanced medical and clinical research centres which are equipped by this city with modern laboratories, equipment and staffs. London city has been recognized through by its provision of higher education, which is managed by qualified staffs in its advanced institutes of academics (Winder, 2010). There are over 50 these advanced institutes in the city, which have made it to offer the most competitive staffs in the world. Students in London are in a position to choose international courses which are above 50000 and recognized globally. This has made the city to accommodate more than 88000 students from all over the world. Therefore, it is explicit that all factors put in to consideration; London qualifies to be termed as a global city (Zukin, 1992).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on London as a Global City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Amin, A. 2006. The good city, Urban Studies 43.5/6, 1009-1023. Atkinson, R. and Bridge, G. 2004. Gentrification in a global context: the new urban colonialism. London: Routledge Block, D. 2008. The new economy of the inner city: restructuring, regeneration and dislocation in the twe nty-first-century metropolis. London: Routledge. Block, D. 2007. Multilingual Identities in a Global City: London Stories. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11 (4), 531–534. Clark, D. 2003. Urban world/global city. London: Routledge. Cowan, R. 2005. The dictionary of urbanism. Streetwise Press, Chicago, IL. Eade, J. 2000. Placing London: from imperial capital to global city. Oxford: Berghahn Books.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fyfe, N. Kenny, J. 2005. The urban geography reader, Routledge, New York, NY. Hall, T. 2001. Urban geography, 2nd end. Routledge, New York, NY. Paddison, R. 2001. Handbook of urban studies. London: SAGE. Sassen, S. 2000. ‘The Global City: Strategic Site/New Frontier’, American Studies, 41, pp. 79-95. Sassen, S. 2001. The global city: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Winder, G. M. 2010. Global Reach? Reuters News and Network, 1865, 1881, and 1914 London’s. Journal of World History, 21 (2). Zukin, S. 1992. The Best of Cities, The Worst of Cities. Contemporary Sociology, 21 (4), 481-484. This essay on London as a Global City was written and submitted by user Crosby Jensen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Early Theory Example

Early Theory Example Early Theory – Term Paper Example Emotion theory I think the theory of James–Lange theory is probably the best known of all theories of emotion, if for no other reason than that it has generated a controversy that has spread from the 19th to the 21st century. Perhaps because of this it has also acted heuristically and stimulated other theories and much research (Cannon 106). He characterized, rightly, the everyday way of theorizing about these emotions as being:we mentally perceive somethingThis produces a mental affect emotionThis produces some bodily expression. James argued that the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the existing fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur IS the emotion. For instance, in terms of the everyday theory, rather than face some public performance to which we are unused at this point we become anxious and then have butterflies in the stomach, tremble, stutter and so on. In James’s terms we face the public performance, have butterflies, trembl e, stutter, and as a result feel anxious (Cannon 109). James was making a clear volte-face on previous thought, the guts of his theory depending on the view that the visceral discharges associated with some external situation actually lead to the emotion as we know and experience it. Support for this theory was based largely on introspection. The argument can be reduced to a few main points. James asserted that any sensation has extremely complex physiological manifestations and that these are all felt, some obviously, some more obscurely. We imagine some strong emotion and then try to push from consciousness all feelings of the bodily symptoms associated with it (Cannon 115). If we do this successfully, then in James’s terms there will be nothing left; the emotion will be gone. He cited many examples of how everyday situations lead to these complex, strong bodily feelings (seeing a child peering over the edge of a cliff, for example) and argued that his case is supported by the idea of how easily we can classify both normal and abnormal behavior according to bodily symptoms. In conclusion, this theory argues that afferent feedback from disturbed organs produces the feeling aspect of emotion. Any cortical activity that comes from this feedback is the emotion itself. It should be remembered that James not only emphasized the role of the viscera in emotion but also gave a similar role to the voluntary muscles. This laid the groundwork for a search for bodily patterns in emotion and for theories that stress the significance of facial expression in emotion.Work CitedCannon, Walter. "The James-Lange Theory of Emotions: A Critical Examination and an Alternative Theory". The American Journal of Psychology 1997 (39): 106–124.

Beloved Essay

To prevent and weaken the strength of racial tension, the citizens of the United States must be educated about racial problems before being released into the real world. The best approach towards racial equity begins in the classroom and through literature which is where the book Beloved comes into the picture. Beloved fits ideally into the UCLA principles of community one being â€Å"We acknowledge that modern societies carry historical and divisive biases based on race, ethnicity, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation and religion, and we seek to promote awareness and understanding through education and research and to mediate and resolve conflicts that arise from these biases in our communities. † The first standard of the Critical Race Theory is the critique of liberalism. Critique of liberalism claims that the liberals have not done enough to aid the African Americans in the fight for equal rights since racism continues to exist in the American society. This can be seen through the Garners, who are owners of a plantation called â€Å"Sweet Home† in Beloved. â€Å"In Lillian Garner’s house, exempted from the field work that broke her hip and the exhaustion that drugged her mind; in Lillian Garner’s house where nobody knocked her down (or up), she listened to the white woman humming at her work; watched her face light up when Mr. Garner came in and thought, It’s better here, but I’m not. The Garners, it seemed to her, ran a special kind of slavery, treating them like paid labor, listening to what they said, teaching what they wanted known. And he didn’t stud his boys. Never brought them to her cabin with directions to ‘lay down with her,’ like they did in Carolina, or rented their sex out on other farms† (Morrison 165) As seen in this quote, the Garners were kinder to their slaves compared to many other slave owners. However, the Garners refused to give up slavery and continued o participate in the slavery industry. Just because the Garners are pleasant to their slaves does not justify the righteousness to own and dehumanize another person. Another example would be when Baby Suggs was required to work for the Bodwins in order to be able to stay in House 124. â€Å"’She’s the best cobbler you ever see,’ said Mr. Garner. ‘Cobbler? ’ Sist er Bodwin raised her black thick eyebrows. ‘Who taught you that? ’ ‘Was a slave taught me,’ said Baby Suggs. ‘New boots, or just repair? ’ ‘New, old, anything. ‘Well,’ said Brother Bodwin, ‘that’ll be something, but you’ll need more’† (171) The Bodwins put on a kind front by offering a house of theirs to Baby Suggs. However, by asking Baby Suggs what jobs she can fulfill, the Bodwins expose a bit of their own selfishness of requiring Baby Suggs to provide a service at her own expense in order to be able to live in the â€Å"given† House 124. This shows that even with purchased freedom and the â€Å"help† from liberals, Baby Suggs still struggled as a â€Å"free† African American in society. Speaking of the Bodwins, the abolitionist siblings provide yet another example of why liberals are critiqued. †¦ Denver left, but not before she had seen, sitting on a shelf by the back door, a blackboy’s mouth full of money. His head was thrown back farther than a head could go, his hands were shoved in his pockets. Bulging like moons, two eyes were all the face he had above the gaping red mouth. His hair was a cluster of raised, widely spaced dots made of nail heads. And he was on his knees. His mouth, wide as a cup, held the coins needed to pay for a delivery or some other small service, but could just as well have held buttons, pins, or crab-apple jelly. Painted across the pedestal he knelt on were the words ‘At Yo Service’†Ã‚  (300) Even though the Bodwins are helping Denver find a job, having a statue of a black boy erected in their home goes to show the reader how hypocritical the Bodwins were in that they did not see African Americans as true equals to whites. Especially with the phrase â€Å"at yo service,† it implies that the Black boy statue represents Blacks are those who are always serving; if the Bodwins really wanted to help abolish slavery and move closer to racial equity, they would not have had that degrading statue in the first place. The second standard of Critical Race Theory is Interest Convergence. Interest Convergence is defined as an illusory â€Å"improvement† towards racial equity which means that those who helped the African Americans did not do so out of pure kindness, but because of other motives that were fueled by selfish intentions. In the beginning of Beloved, an instance of interest convergence appears when Mr. Garner brags about his slaves on Sweet Home plantation. â€Å"‘Y’all got boys,’ he told them. ‘Young boys, old boys, picky boys, stroppin’ boys. Now at Sweet Home, my niggers is men every one of em. Bought em thataway, raised em thatway. Men every one’† (12). By bragging about his slaves, Mr. Garner fools his slaves into thinking that he is bragging because he is genuinely proud of his slaves; however, Mr. Garner’s true intention for bragging about his laid-back treatment for his slaves is that Mr. Garner wants to present himself as a friendly and generous man to those outside of his plantation which would raise his status. Mr. Garner displays interest convergence once again when he teases other slave owners about their style of treatment. â€Å"‘Beg to differ, Garner. Ain’t no nigger men. ’ ‘Not if you scared, they ain’t. ’ Garner’s smile was wide. But if you man yourself, you’ll want your niggers to be men too. ’ ‘I wouldn’t have no nigger men round my wife. ’ It was the reaction Garner loved and waited for. ‘Neither would I,’ he said. ‘Neither would I,’ and there was always a pause before the neighbor or stranger, or peddler, or brother-in-law or whoever it was got the meaning. Then a fierce argument, sometimes a fight, and Garner came home bruised and pleased†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (12) This quote shows that by gloating about the less harsh treatment his slaves receive compared to other slave owners, Mr. Garner attempts to justify himself as a man. Mr. Garner puts down other slave owners not because Mr. Garner cares about his slaves as human beings, but to protect his masculinity through the less violent treatment he gives to his slaves on Sweet Home. Another instance of interest convergence would be when Baby Suggs was given the House 124 which was formerly owned by the Bodwins. â€Å"It was too big a house for Jenny alone, they said [†¦] but it was the best and the only thing they could do. In return for laundry, some seamstress work, a little canning and so on (oh shoes, too), they would permit her to stay there. Provided she was clean† (171). The reason why the Bodwins had no hesitance to give House 124 to Baby Suggs is because they had bad memories about it; found on page 305, all of Mr. Bodwin’s female family members have died in House 124 like his mother, grandmother, aunt, and older sister. On the outside perspective, one may think that the Bodwins are just being supportive and thoughtful because they just gave a house to a stranger, but they are actually selfish, as the siblings are looking at this opportunity as a way to get rid of their unwanted property by giving it to someone else which in this case happens to Baby Suggs. The third standard of the Critical Race Theory is whiteness as property. Whiteness as property states that those who are white possess more privileges than those of color. These privileges can be sold, shared, or given according to the decisions of those who are white. A scene where whiteness as property is prominent is when Halle purchases his mother, Baby Sugg’s, freedom. â€Å"When Mr. Garner agreed to the arrangements with Halle, and when Halle looked like it meant more to him that she go free than anything in the world, she let herself be taken ‘cross the river. †¦] What does a sixty-odd-year slavewoman who walks like a three-legged dog need freedom for? † (166) In America’s days of slavery, only whites got to enjoy the freedom as written in the American Constitution. It took Halle’s bartering to buy his mother’s freedom because she was a colored woman, something that belonged to the whites was being bought and in this case it was Ha lle’s blood and sweat that purchased Baby Sugg’s â€Å"freedom. † Another scene that illustrates whiteness as property occurs on Sweet Home plantation when Schoolteacher measures Sethe’s body and gives her animal characteristics. Schoolteacher’d wrap that string all over my head, ‘cross my nose, around my behind. Number my teeth. I thought he was a fool. And the questions he asked was the biggest foolishness of all† (226) and â€Å"No, no. That’s not the way. I told you to put her human characteristics on the left; her animal ones on the right. And don’t forget to line them up† said school teacher (228). Through these quotes, one can see that one of the privileges held by slave owners, all being whites, was the measuring of another human’s body. By giving Sethe â€Å"animal characteristics,† Schoolteacher dehumanizes her which is also part of the white â€Å"privileges† during the era of slavery. Whiteness as property is also prevalent in the scene where Paul D. has a flashback to the days where he was a slave. â€Å"Shackled, walking through the perfumed things honeybees love, Paul D. hears the men taking and for the first time learns his worth. He has always known, or believed he did, his value—as a hand, a laborer who could make profit on a farm—but now he discovers his worth, which is to say he learns his price. The dollar value of his weight, his strength, his heart, his brain, his penis, and his future† (267) The job of marking values onto the African slaves was also owned by white slave drivers. By setting a price on Paul D. ’s body parts, this counts as dehumanizing since giving worth to body parts is what butchers do to the animals they slaughtered in this case, the animals were humans being controlled by other humans because of differences in color. The fourth and fifth standards of Critical Race Theory are permanence of racism/ incremental changes and counter-storytelling. These can be linked together because through counter-storytelling, permanence of racism/ incremental change is revealed. An occurrence of this would be the scars that Sethe received from a brutal beating in Sethe’s days as a slave. â€Å"Whitegirl. That’s what she called it. I’ve never seen it and never will. But that’s what she said it looked like. A chokecherry tree. Trunk, branched, and ever leaves. Tiny little chokecherry leaves. But that was eighteen years ago. Could have cherries too now for all I know† (18) and â€Å"After I left you, those boys came in there and took my milk. That’s what they came in there for. Held me down and took it. I told Mrs. Garner on em. She had that lump and couldn’t speak but her eyes rolled out tears. Them boys found out I told on em. Schoolteacher made one open up my back, and when it closed it made a tree. It grows there still† (20) Counter story-telling is seen by Sethe telling the story of how she got her back scars and the back scars represent thew mark racism, explaining why the white slave owners beat their slaves. The scars are for life which signifies the permanence of racism and how racism will never really disappear because it is so deeply engraved into society’s mindset. One other occurrence that illustrates permanent racism/incremental change and counter story-telling very well is when Sethe is telling her tale of having to sew her own wedding dress. â€Å"I never saw a wedding, but I saw Mrs. Garner’s wedding gown in the press, and heard her go on about what it was like. [†¦] Well, I made up my mind to have at the least a dress that wasn’t the sacking I worked in. So I took to stealing fabric, and wound up with a dress you wouldn’t believe. [†¦] Seem like I couldn’t find a thing that wouldn’t be missed right away. Because I had to take it apart afterwards and put all the pieces back to where they were† (70) Through Sethe’s story, Sethe proves to be resilient and determined against the unjust economics of slavery. Slaves were not allowed to have weddings or any types of luxury which illustrates the mark of racism. Another occurrence of both permanence of racism/ incremental change and incremental change would be when Stamp Paid reveals a part of his life about having to give up his own wife to a white man slave driver. â€Å"I never touched her all that time. Not once. Almost a year. We was planting when it started and picking when it stopped. Seemed longer. I should have killed him. [†¦] I never touched her and damn me if I spoke three words to her a day. [†¦] She got rosy then and I knowed she knowed. He give Vashti that to wear. A cameo on a black ribbon. She used to put it on every time she went to him† (275) In Stamp Paid’s narrative, Stamp tells Paul D. that he had to sacrifice his wife Vashti to the white slave driver’s will which is a sign of racism. The white man got what the white man wants while the one of color, Stamp Paid, was forced to give up someone dear to him. The content, story-telling techniques and thematic message Toni Morrison makes use of in Beloved aids in the understanding of the Critical Race Theory. First off, Beloved pertains to African Americans in the era of slavery which instantly brings up the topic of racial equity and is bound to include points of analysis for the Critical Race Theory. Secondly, the story-telling technique challenges the reader to be able to put themselves into the shoes of another. â€Å"Beloved, she my daughter. She mine. See. She come back to me of her own free will and I don’t have to explain before because it had to be done quick. Quick. ] Paul D ran her off so she had no choice but to come back to me in the flesh† (236) is an internal monologue of Sethe and then, â€Å"It was a tiny church no bigger than a rich man’s parlor† (257) the story converts back to third person. By switching from internal monologues to a third person point of view, the author makes it known that the story is being told by a person who experienced racial inequity themselves which helps the reader grasp a better idea of the issues that the African American people had to deal with. This also allows the reader to formulate a well-structured position in racial topics and nderstand the Critical Race Theory because the reader will be able to recognize qualities of the Critical Race Theory through the perspective of the African Americans. â€Å"How else except by becoming a Negro could a white man hope to learn the truth. . . . The best way to find out if we had second-class citizens, and what their plight was, would be to become one of them . . . † This quote was stated in the article called White Like Me Race and Identity Through Majority Eyes by Tim Wise; the quote enforces the idea that one must dive deep into the experiences another endured to derive any substantial understanding. The thematic message of Beloved is how the past will always linger and affect one’s mind for a lifetime especially if the event is very traumatic like slavery. The thematic message emphasizes the Critical Race Theory point â€Å"permanence of racism and small incremental changes† through flashbacks and interactions the characters have. The character Beloved is enough to represent the thematic message because she symbolizes the past. Beloved is a past memory that grips Sethe’s mind since she is the ghost of the Sethe’s daughter in which Sethe killed due to the arrival of slave catchers. So by inserting Beloved’s appearance in the storyline, the author metaphorically hints that she, Beloved, is the past resurfacing in Sethe’s life which is permanence of racism. Some may argue that Beloved is not an excellent choice because â€Å"typical† high school students lack the intelligence to understand the context presented in Beloved. That accusation is insufficient because this novel is very mind engaging and is an excellent choice to use as an education tool for high school seniors on the topic of race. Beloved may be a difficult read at first because of the prominent usage of flashbacks in the novel. This can make the storyline a bit jumbled and confusing to the reader since Morrison dishes out the story line in bits and pieces. However, Morrison uses transitions, whether they be abrupt or subtle, that provide hints which let the reader know that the story has transitioned into a flashback for example, â€Å"Once before (and only once) Paul D had been grateful to a woman. Crawling out of the woods, cross-eyed with hunger and loneliness, he knocked at the first back door†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (154). In this excerpt, Toni Morrison uses a time reference phrase â€Å"once before† to alert the reader of a flashback in which she goes into elaborating the flashback. The reader should be able to realize he or she is reading a flashback due to a shift in setting and (possibly) different characters. One should not disregard a novel due to the language because with guidance, an effective teacher can help his or her students comprehend the message that Toni Morrison is conveying through Beloved. Toni Morrison offers plenty of valuable examples on racial tensions that would be a shame to pass up just because the novel may be complicated to fathom. The novel Beloved by Toni Morrison provides that sense of racial awareness which is why the novel should be in UCLA’s high school book selection. Beloved is rich with examples of all five principles of the Critical Race Theory that are easily absorbed by high school students with the assistance of Beloved’s content, story-telling technique, and thematic message. When students learn about Critical Race Theory and the experiences of those who encountered extreme racial hostilities, students will have a more broad perspective. Students will have a new outlook on situations that deal with race and know that one must put themselves into another’s shoes in order to genuinely understand the hardships and feelings of the other. Work Cited Keating, Catie. Race Analysis of Toni Morrisons Beloved. Yahoo! Contributor Network. News Network, 3 Nov. 2010. Web. 19 Feb. 2013 Martinez, Inez. Toni Morrison’s Beloved: Slavery Haunting America. rd ed. Vol. 4. N. p. : n. p. , n. d. The Jungian Society. 2009. Web. 2 Mar. 2013. Monique. The Pulitzer Project.   Beloved by Toni Morrison (1988) Review by Monique. Blogger, 5 Feb. 2009. Web. 2 Mar. 2013. Morrison, Toni. Beloved: A Novel. New York: Knopf, 1987. Print. Smith, Valerie. Chapter 3 Beloved.   Toni Morrison: Writing the Moral Imagination. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. N. pag. Google Bo oks. Web. 1 Mar. 2013. Supernatural Realism.   Tripod. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Mar. 2013. UCLA.   Mission amp; Values. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Mar. 2013

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Annotated Bibliography

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia - Annotated Bibliography Example The researcher of this essay aims to analyze and discuss studies, that were conducted by the researchers on the subject of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia disease, that is a cancer that mainly attacks the bone marrow and arises from cancerous and immature white blood cells called lymphoblast. The two subtypes of lymphocytes are T and B cells. The authors of the studies, that were discussed stipulate that 80% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia arise from immature B-lymphocytes. The disease is most prevalent in children; nevertheless, it has also increased in elderly populace mostly of ages 60 years and over. The main symptoms of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are buildup of the abnormal and immature white blood cells within the bone marrow and blood. Blast cells collect out of the normal cells within the bone marrow thus lowering blood counts. The disease results to decrease in normal white cells making an individual to be susceptible to infection such as sinuses, bronchitis, and pneumonia. T he main signs are; enlargement of the lymph nodes within the neck and arms coupled with enlargement of the spleen. This journal also describes the treatment options for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is treated by multiple chemotherapy drugs via mouth or via special intravenous line that is normally placed within a vein in the arm or chest and maintain for several months. According to Knowles, the chromosomes that lead to the development of Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia is sill not known today.

Why do countries trade with each other when they both produce similar Essay

Why do countries trade with each other when they both produce similar goods - Essay Example For example, Africa is rich in diamonds, and Bangladesh produces jute in abundance. While it incurs Bangladesh very little cost to grow jute, it may cause the USA far too much to produce jute. The different climatic conditions play a decisive role in the kind of crops a country can grow. In addition to that, trade between countries is also very essential for the promotion of international relations. Countries that conduct trade with one another maintain good terms with one another so that they may facilitate trading and strengthen their respective economies. Trade between countries also has a lot of political significance. As two trading countries foster good relations, they become a united force against a third country that has bad terms with both. â€Å"Powerful nations throughout history have used economic sanctions--essentially blocking and prohibiting trade--with other nations in order to punish or force political or behavioral change† (Chase). Trade is very essential for economical strength. Dubai became one of the fastest developing cities in the world in a course of few decades because of

Climate Change Term Paper Essay Example for Free

Climate Change Term Paper Essay Are we a burden to the society or a blessing? , We are the ones who will choose our own way, but we must see to it that the path that we are heading will not lead us to destruction. Many youth of today are engaging in worthless things like vices: smoking, drinking, alcohols, using drugs and etc. we are not aware that those things are just a waste of time, money and most of all it will ruin our future. We became a burden to our family and to our surrounding instead of being a blessing to them, as a child to their parents our responsibility is to make them happy as our payment for their sacrifice and efforts to raise us, we owe out lives to them. Make yourselves worthy to live the life that is given to you by the creator, don’t waste it, for our lives are precious. Let us open our eyes and mind and focus on the things that have worth and not on things that have worth and not on things that will destroy our lives. True happiness can only be found in our precious creator Jesus Christ, if you are searching for peace and love goes to him and he will give it all, and you’ll realize that this world will not give you satisfaction, it will only be found in him.

Should Ritalin :: essays research papers

Should Ritalin, which is a stimulant be used to help cope Attention Deficit Disorder. Attention Deficit Disorder or ADD is a neurobiological disorder. â€Å"Neurobiological† refers to the structure and functions of part of the brain. People with ADD may have imbalances or differences in the chemicals used by the brain to control activity, attention, motor skills and other aspects of behavior. Ritalin (methylphenidate) belongs to the class of drugs known as stimulants, which is considered a class II drug. It is essentially a form of speed. People with ADD tend to dislike people telling them what to do, and are very independent people. If you tell a child he is â€Å"bad† often he will most likely become bad. Tell her she’s â€Å"brilliant† and she will strive to achieve brilliance. ADD is a hereditary condition and it affects 25 million individuals in the U.S. ADD has many symptoms that would consider you having it If your attention span is short, but can come intensely focused for long periods of time, poor planner: disorganized and impulsive, distorted sense of time: unaware of how long it will take to do something, impatient, has difficulty following directions, daydreamer and lacking in the social graces. There are definitely other ways to help ADD with out using a medication; you have natural options that are available for you to try which I believe to be the best options: Environment the next step, cleaned up the boy’s environment. Limit the amount of television watched (encourage educational for shows and discourage the violent shows) cut down on the amount of sugar intake as well as caffeine. No longer allow red dye products and have cut down on the amount of dairy products they consume. Professional Counseling Allow an outside party to look at all aspects of the ADD problem and worked to come up with solutions together. Sessions with the counselor included structured testing and evaluation, hearing and sight testing, as well as emotional evaluation. Parenting Technique The last approach we have been using is a parenting technique called "Love & Logic."1 This program allows they boys to make decisions and live with the consequences of those decisions. You don’t always have to turn to a drug when there is a problem sometimes it’s best not too. Ritalin is not actually a drug that helps you, it is temporary and it wears right off estimating from the amount of milligrams pertained per day.

Hazing in Universities

Hazing in universities across the nation has become an increasingly dangerous ritual that is seemingly becoming more difficult to put an end to due to its development into an â€Å"underground† activity. Though a regular activity in the seventies, hazing, a possible dangerous act of initiation to a group, has now become an activity that is banned in thirty-nine states (Wagner 16). However, this ritual has not been stopped or become less severe. In fact it is becoming more dangerous. Since it has been banned, with many colleges imposing their own penalties against those participating in it, many fraternities and sororities have pursued this activity in an underground fashion. Since these groups have gone underground, some victims of these rituals have been injured and subsequently died. This is due to the â€Å"hazers† not seeking medical treatment for the victims, for fear that they may be fined or charged by police or campus authorities. One estimate states that at least sixty-five students have died between the years of 1978 and 1996 from beatings and stress inflicted during fraternity initiation rites (â€Å"Greek† 26). Hazing has been defined in the Pennsylvania Hazing Law as â€Å"any action or situation which recklessly or intentionally endangers the mental or physical safety of a student or which destroys or removes public or private property for the purpose of initiation or admission into or affiliation with, or as a condition for continued membership in, any organization operating under the sanction of or recognized as an organization by an institution of higher education. The term shall include, but not be limited to, any brutality of a physical nature, such as whipping, beating, branding, forced calisthenics, exposure to the elements, forced consumption of any food, liquor, drug, or other substance, or any forced physical activity which could adversely affect the physical health and safety of the individual, and shall include any activity which would subject the individual to extreme mental stress, such as sleep deprivation, forced exclusion from social contact, forced conduct which could result in extreme embarrassment, or any other forced activity which could adversely affect the mental health or dignity of the individual†(â€Å"Pennsylvania Hazing Law† 1). The importance of this hazing situation is the fact that people are being injured, both physically and mentally, causing death or lifelong trauma. Though it may seem like an easy to control situation, the truth is that it is not easy at all. The only times that these groups, who subject individuals to hazing activities, are caught or penalized is after the damage done to an individual is so horrible as to result in death or hospitalization. The act of hazing may consist of something as subtle as a â€Å"pledge†, one who is trying to become a part of the group, having to answer phones at a fraternity house to extreme hazing such as being severely beat with paddles or even bricks. Since hazing takes many forms, it is hard for the public to realize that these â€Å"pledges† are actually being harmed. It is especially hard to see the mental abuse aspect of this situation. At times, â€Å"pledges† may be forced to wear humiliating items such as dog collars or diapers. It may look like an innocent prank, and may actually seem humorous, but stunts like this can deeply affect a person emotionally (Scleifer 42). Hazer†s in Greek societies have also been known to play the â€Å"buzz-saw† game in which a chainsaw is held inches away from a pledge until he/she screams in terror. This practice is used to instill respect, in the form of extreme fear, into the pledges (â€Å"The Persistent Madness of Greek Hazing† 14). Physical hazing, however, is where the most life threatening problems are occurring. With groups such as Omega Psi Phi of the University of Florida, who whacked its inductees in the heads with boards, beat them with fists, and hit them with bricks, one can only expect catastrophic results. For example, in 1993, the members of Omega Psi Phi beat Joseph J. Snell, a junior at the University of Maryland with such objects as a hammer, a horsehair whip, a broken chair leg, and a brush. Later, Snell was forced to place a space heater next to his face because the group said that his skin was not black enough. Snell was hospitalized due to the incident. He remained scared and despondent after his release. He had even called a suicide hotline because of the mental anguish that was caused (â€Å"Former Student Wins $375,000† 23). The hurt and confusion of a victim of mental and physical hazing can remain for years after the abuse. Yet, even after all the abuse, members of these organizations continue to feel that because they had to suffer through this act of initiation to get into the group, their successors must also be fall subject to these activities. Naturally, people want and need to be accepted. This is why an individual will go along with the hazing activities. Valerie Eastman, a behavioral science professor at Drury College in Springfield, MO, states â€Å"You know you†re a reasonable person and you just went through this nasty, unpleasant ritual, so you think the group must have been worth it. You try to justify it† (Wagner 16). Though some members in a fraternity or sorority may be against what is happening to these individuals, the codes of secrecy and brotherhood/sisterhood are so strong that they fear to break them and come forward to report these acts (Ruffins 18). Lydia Bradley, a strong advocate of anti-hazing laws and national speaker for placement of these laws, has interviewed students about the act of hazing in college. She reports, â€Å"I†m told that hazing unifies a group, that it is a rite-of-passage, that it builds brotherhood, that it is a tradition, or, the worst reason of all, that ‘I went through it†(Bradley 1). † It is this type of attitude that hinders the expulsion of the hazing activities. We, as the public, are limited, both in our knowledge of what truly happens in these groups and the ability to stop it, by not personally becoming a member of them. Though some of the fraternities that have been suspended for acting against these anti-hazing laws, they continue to operate underground and make no effort to change their behavior according to Stockton†s Director of Student Development, Tom O†Donnell (Kempert 12). As of yet, there are virtually no associations that actively monitor the actions of fraternities and sororities. They are trusted to act in a responsible manner. As stated in Hank Nuwer†s Broken Pledges: The Deadly Rite of Hazing, â€Å"What possibly could be expected from a group of adolescents when you leave them alone to govern their own activities (Nuwer 34). † One may parallel these activities to those expressed in William Golding†s Lord of the Flies to what may happen when such adolescents are left unsupervised to run a â€Å"members-only† organization. National Fraternities and sororities have neglected their parental responsibilities and have left pledging up to these adolescents. It is important that these actions are stopped by any reasonable means necessary. Since hazing has been a process that virtually all these members had been subject to, they will be reluctant to change. The idea of hazing has been placed in their heads as a test to foster unity, to instill a sense of membership, to promote scholarship, and to build awareness of the specific chapter†s history (Chenowith 20). Therefor, an alternative must be able to instill these exact qualities. Believers in the supposed benefits of hazing may be more likely to change their opinion if they can envision some alternatives. In many cases, those who are most vocal against eliminating hazing are those who are bitter and angry about the hazing that they themselves endured, but don†t want to eliminate this publicly. They expect others should be abused in order to gain â€Å"true† membership in the group. In this case, specific programs should be established to teach the devastating effects of hazing. A new sanction reduction policy has been established at Richard Stockton College of New Jersey to tackle some of the problems. The fraternities at this college that have been sanctioned for committing violations are now able to participate in a program that will possibly reduce their sanctions. This OPTIONS program offers students to take one of two four-credit elective courses: â€Å"The Psychology of Well Being,† which explores principles of physical and mental health, or â€Å"Alcohol 101,† which teachers the dangerous effects of alcohol, especially those involved in college situations. Along with this, they had established a Greek self-study committee, through which a Greek Council was formed (Kempert 12). This will educate students about the dangers they are placing on the pledges and change their ways while offering them the incentive of lowered sanctions at the same time. Incentives seem to be the best way to reach these organizations and hopefully it will subject them to the knowledge of what their actions may cause others. An alternative replacement to hazing activities would be another way to eliminate this problem. They could foster their unity in ways such as involving the whole group in a community charity. By asking the pledges to involve themselves in charities, or present the group with specific ideas for charitable work, would show the pledge†s sense of commitment to the group, along with helping to show the public the goodness that can become of these groups (Crothers 50). Instead of making the pledges do chores or excessive exercise, why not promote scholarship by designating study hours. What better way to prove an organization†s worthiness but by setting an example scholastically. These fraternities or sororities could invite leaders of the national groups or advisors to speak at a meeting instead of forcing these pledges to incessantly recite names or worthless facts about the group they are pledging to. Many alternatives are out there; one just has to have the strength to bring it to mention. Of course other solutions such as the undercover spies have been thought of. But, this would only seem to tear the organization apart and make them more careful in whom the choose as pledges, make them more dangerous and secretive in their activities, and less likely to help someone once they have been injured for fear of getting caught. A combination of incentives, alternatives, and a council to create a forum to discuss these alternatives to the hazing process is the most reasonable solution to this problem. Using otherwise â€Å"sneaky† tactics could only increase the problem and drive it further underground. As stated before, it can be hard to talk members into changes this tradition of the organization, but through time and education they will see its benefits. By performing such alternatives as previously mentioned, the dangerous hazing process will be eliminated and the â€Å"good-side† of these groups will become evident. Working together on a project, such as one that will help the local community, will bring a sense of accomplishments to the members and a sense of pride to both the community and the institution (Kempert 12). Of course the only way these solutions could come into effect is if the organizations and the institution work together. The school has to realize that, even if there has been no public incidences regarding hazing in their school, hazing probably does exist. It is this thought that should cause them to form some sort of incentive program of their own to counteract it. However, the members also have to take responsibility and go to the school for help in organizing the possible incentives and alternatives. Hazing in universities Hazing in universities across the nation has become an increasingly dangerous ritual that is seemingly becoming more difficult to put an end to due to its development into an â€Å"underground† activity. Though a regular activity in the seventies, hazing, a possible dangerous act of initiation to a group, has now become an activity that is banned in thirty-nine states (Wagner 16). However, this ritual has not been stopped or become less severe. In fact it is becoming more dangerous. Since it has been banned, with many colleges imposing their own penalties against those participating in it, many fraternities and sororities have pursued this activity in an underground fashion. Since these groups have gone underground, some victims of these rituals have been injured and subsequently died. This is due to the â€Å"hazers† not seeking medical treatment for the victims, for fear that they may be fined or charged by police or campus authorities. One estimate states that at least sixty-five students have died between the years of 1978 and 1996 from beatings and stress inflicted during fraternity initiation rites (â€Å"Greek† 26). Hazing has been defined in the Pennsylvania Hazing Law as â€Å"any action or situation which recklessly or intentionally endangers the mental or physical safety of a student or which destroys or removes public or private property for the purpose of initiation or admission into or affiliation with, or as a condition for continued membership in, any organization operating under the sanction of or recognized as an organization by an institution of higher education. The term shall include, but not be limited to, any brutality of a physical nature, such as whipping, beating, branding, forced calisthenics, exposure to the elements, forced consumption of any food, liquor, drug, or other substance, or any forced physical activity which could adversely affect the physical health and safety of the individual, and shall include any activity which would subject the individual to extreme mental stress, such as sleep deprivation, forced exclusion from social contact, forced conduct which could result in extreme embarrassment, or any other forced activity which could adversely affect the mental health or dignity of the individual†(â€Å"Pennsylvania Hazing Law† 1). The importance of this hazing situation is the fact that people are being injured, both physically and mentally, causing death or lifelong trauma. Though it may seem like an easy to control situation, the truth is that it is not easy at all. The only times that these groups, who subject individuals to hazing activities, are caught or penalized is after the damage done to an individual is so horrible as to result in death or hospitalization. The act of hazing may consist of something as subtle as a â€Å"pledge†, one who is trying to become a part of the group, having to answer phones at a fraternity house to extreme hazing such as being severely beat with paddles or even bricks. Since hazing takes many forms, it is hard for the public to realize that these â€Å"pledges† are actually being harmed. It is especially hard to see the mental abuse aspect of this situation. At times, â€Å"pledges† may be forced to wear humiliating items such as dog collars or diapers. It may look like an innocent prank, and may actually seem humorous, but stunts like this can deeply affect a person emotionally (Scleifer 42). Hazer†s in Greek societies have also been known to play the â€Å"buzz-saw† game in which a chainsaw is held inches away from a pledge until he/she screams in terror. This practice is used to instill respect, in the form of extreme fear, into the pledges (â€Å"The Persistent Madness of Greek Hazing† 14). Physical hazing, however, is where the most life threatening problems are occurring. With groups such as Omega Psi Phi of the University of Florida, who whacked its inductees in the heads with boards, beat them with fists, and hit them with bricks, one can only expect catastrophic results. For example, in 1993, the members of Omega Psi Phi beat Joseph J. Snell, a junior at the University of Maryland with such objects as a hammer, a horsehair whip, a broken chair leg, and a brush. Later, Snell was forced to place a space heater next to his face because the group said that his skin was not black enough. Snell was hospitalized due to the incident. He remained scared and despondent after his release. He had even called a suicide hotline because of the mental anguish that was caused (â€Å"Former Student Wins $375,000† 23). The hurt and confusion of a victim of mental and physical hazing can remain for years after the abuse. Yet, even after all the abuse, members of these organizations continue to feel that because they had to suffer through this act of initiation to get into the group, their successors must also be fall subject to these activities. Naturally, people want and need to be accepted. This is why an individual will go along with the hazing activities. Valerie Eastman, a behavioral science professor at Drury College in Springfield, MO, states â€Å"You know you†re a reasonable person and you just went through this nasty, unpleasant ritual, so you think the group must have been worth it. You try to justify it† (Wagner 16). Though some members in a fraternity or sorority may be against what is happening to these individuals, the codes of secrecy and brotherhood/sisterhood are so strong that they fear to break them and come forward to report these acts (Ruffins 18). Lydia Bradley, a strong advocate of anti-hazing laws and national speaker for placement of these laws, has interviewed students about the act of hazing in college. She reports, â€Å"I†m told that hazing unifies a group, that it is a rite-of-passage, that it builds brotherhood, that it is a tradition, or, the worst reason of all, that ‘I went through it†(Bradley 1). † It is this type of attitude that hinders the expulsion of the hazing activities. We, as the public, are limited, both in our knowledge of what truly happens in these groups and the ability to stop it, by not personally becoming a member of them. Though some of the fraternities that have been suspended for acting against these anti-hazing laws, they continue to operate underground and make no effort to change their behavior according to Stockton†s Director of Student Development, Tom O†Donnell (Kempert 12). As of yet, there are virtually no associations that actively monitor the actions of fraternities and sororities. They are trusted to act in a responsible manner. As stated in Hank Nuwer†s Broken Pledges: The Deadly Rite of Hazing, â€Å"What possibly could be expected from a group of adolescents when you leave them alone to govern their own activities (Nuwer 34). † One may parallel these activities to those expressed in William Golding†s Lord of the Flies to what may happen when such adolescents are left unsupervised to run a â€Å"members-only† organization. National Fraternities and sororities have neglected their parental responsibilities and have left pledging up to these adolescents. It is important that these actions are stopped by any reasonable means necessary. Since hazing has been a process that virtually all these members had been subject to, they will be reluctant to change. The idea of hazing has been placed in their heads as a test to foster unity, to instill a sense of membership, to promote scholarship, and to build awareness of the specific chapter†s history (Chenowith 20). Therefor, an alternative must be able to instill these exact qualities. Believers in the supposed benefits of hazing may be more likely to change their opinion if they can envision some alternatives. In many cases, those who are most vocal against eliminating hazing are those who are bitter and angry about the hazing that they themselves endured, but don†t want to eliminate this publicly. They expect others should be abused in order to gain â€Å"true† membership in the group. In this case, specific programs should be established to teach the devastating effects of hazing. A new sanction reduction policy has been established at Richard Stockton College of New Jersey to tackle some of the problems. The fraternities at this college that have been sanctioned for committing violations are now able to participate in a program that will possibly reduce their sanctions. This OPTIONS program offers students to take one of two four-credit elective courses: â€Å"The Psychology of Well Being,† which explores principles of physical and mental health, or â€Å"Alcohol 101,† which teachers the dangerous effects of alcohol, especially those involved in college situations. Along with this, they had established a Greek self-study committee, through which a Greek Council was formed (Kempert 12). This will educate students about the dangers they are placing on the pledges and change their ways while offering them the incentive of lowered sanctions at the same time. Incentives seem to be the best way to reach these organizations and hopefully it will subject them to the knowledge of what their actions may cause others. An alternative replacement to hazing activities would be another way to eliminate this problem. They could foster their unity in ways such as involving the whole group in a community charity. By asking the pledges to involve themselves in charities, or present the group with specific ideas for charitable work, would show the pledge†s sense of commitment to the group, along with helping to show the public the goodness that can become of these groups (Crothers 50). Instead of making the pledges do chores or excessive exercise, why not promote scholarship by designating study hours. What better way to prove an organization†s worthiness but by setting an example scholastically. These fraternities or sororities could invite leaders of the national groups or advisors to speak at a meeting instead of forcing these pledges to incessantly recite names or worthless facts about the group they are pledging to. Many alternatives are out there; one just has to have the strength to bring it to mention. Of course other solutions such as the undercover spies have been thought of. But, this would only seem to tear the organization apart and make them more careful in whom the choose as pledges, make them more dangerous and secretive in their activities, and less likely to help someone once they have been injured for fear of getting caught. A combination of incentives, alternatives, and a council to create a forum to discuss these alternatives to the hazing process is the most reasonable solution to this problem. Using otherwise â€Å"sneaky† tactics could only increase the problem and drive it further underground. As stated before, it can be hard to talk members into changes this tradition of the organization, but through time and education they will see its benefits. By performing such alternatives as previously mentioned, the dangerous hazing process will be eliminated and the â€Å"good-side† of these groups will become evident. Working together on a project, such as one that will help the local community, will bring a sense of accomplishments to the members and a sense of pride to both the community and the institution (Kempert 12). Of course the only way these solutions could come into effect is if the organizations and the institution work together. The school has to realize that, even if there has been no public incidences regarding hazing in their school, hazing probably does exist. It is this thought that should cause them to form some sort of incentive program of their own to counteract it. However, the members also have to take responsibility and go to the school for help in organizing the possible incentives and alternatives.

A Report On Effectiveness Of Ultrasound Education Essay

Ultrasound technique has been used in the past 60 old ages in medical services. It has since developed significantly and its function is more advanced and recognised by patients and wellness professions. Diagnostic imagination is an of import portion of the wellness service, US is one of this household, which contributes greatly to the patient ‘s directions. Title of this survey is:Effectiveness of Ultrasound ( US ) imaging in Genito-urinary system ( GUS ) for diagnostic intents: A comprehensive comparing with other modes in position of safety and handiness.Every mode has some sort of restrictions and advantages. Safety is a major issue in utilizing imaging techniques. Ultrasound is considered as one of the safest and most readily available imaging mode ( Bates, 1999 ) . However, these advantages do non warrant the undermining of the other modes, because restrictions in ultrasound can be overcome by other modes for patient directions. GUT is prone to many diseases in which some of them are life endangering ( Ref ) , patient directions require an efficient method for diagnosing. Sonography plays a great function in this respect. Some of the common GUT diseases:Infection, Glomerular disease,Diseases related to blood circulation:Atherosclerosis can do hypofunction. High blood pressure can take to mortification of the glomeruli.Metabolic disease:chronic nephritic failure, diabetes.Cysts:lone, multiple, inbornTumors:affects kidney, ureter, vesica and urethraRenal cell carcinoma:Wilm ‘s tumorBladder tumorsNephritic rocks and urinary piece of land obstructorSurvey Purposes:Advantages and disadvantages of US imaging in GUT.Can US be the first mode of pick in GUT imagination?Study Aims:Study the usage of US imaging in GUT.Study the restriction of US imaging in GUT.Accuracy of US imaging for diagnostic intents.Cover the latest engineering in US imagination.BackgroundUltrasound is a sound wave that can non be heard by human ears, it uses a frequence above 20,000 Hz ( Ref ) . The moving ridges are converted by engineering to enable us to see constructions within our organic structures, which is really utile for medical intents ( Szabo, 2004 ) . Ultrasound attenuates otherwise in human organic structure depending on tissues ‘ fading coefficients, and tissues reflect wave otherwise, in which a assortment of strength and contrast images are produced. Main advantages of ultrasound compared to other modes that justify this survey are:No major known hazardImmediate diagnose or referral for farther scrutinyReadily availableShort waiting clipPatient convenienceCost effectualReal clip imageNon-invasiveGood contrast of soft tissueCan separate between stable and traveling tissue ( Doppler consequence )Ultrasound scrutiny in GUT has a broad scope of usage. Imaging starts from kidneys down to bladder, urethra, and venereal variety meats. Ultrasound can observe many pathologies and abnormalcies in this system without the demand for farther scrutinies. In fact, some pathology such as obstructors and tumors can be detected without intercessions, while other modes intervene such as utilizing contrast agents ( Ref ) . Other modes used in GUTX-ray utilizations ionizing radiation as the rule of bring forthing radiogram, widely used in initial GUT scrutinies for being convenience and fast with high rate of diagnostic value images ( ref ) .Computed Tomography ( CT ) Scan, uses ionizing radiation as the rule of bring forthing radiogram, widely used for farther scrutiny in GUT system. Produces high-resolution two-dimensional images ( can be reconstructed to 3-dimension ) . Very sensitive in observing different lesions, concretion, obstructor and bleeding. Main concern about utilizing CT is the high radiation dosage to the patient ( Ref ) .Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) , uses a strong magnetic field to aline H atoms in the organic structure, pulsations of wireless moving ridges sent to realine and aline H atoms, during this, H atoms let go of energy, which is detected to bring forth great contrast images peculiarly of soft tissue. MRI scan can supply definite reply to uncertain instances because of its superior soft-tissue contrast when other mode can non. The function of MRI in GUT is largely in distinguishing benign lesions from malignant if CT has contraindication to the patient ( Ref ) .Nuclear Medicine Imaging ( NMI ) , Radiopharmaceuticals administered to the patients so that the patient become radioactive, Gamma camera scan the patient and detects gamma beam emitted from the radiation and so concept images from these informations. NMI chiefly used to analyze the map in GUT system and look into the obstructors ( Ref ) .This thesis reviews literature in relation to ultrasound scrutiny in GUT system. Comparing the usage of other mode while look intoing pathology of a patient. Why in some instances ultrasound is the first pick of usage, why it is non in other instances? This paper can heighten the advantages of the scrutiny and reexamine the progresss in this engineering, these can back up patient directions and besides be used in instruction. The inquiry needs to be answered in this survey: is US effectual plenty to be the first pick scrutiny in GUT system issues? What makes it to be the first pick? What makes it non to be? The survey efforts to analyze the conditions in which US scrutiny can supply doubtless replies to indicants. All beginnings that have relevant information will be used, and the chief database hunt will be Medline, CINAHL, Psycinfo, Embase, AMED, PubMed and e-books.

Our Influence on Global Climates essays

Our Influence on Global Climates essays The world's scientific experts agree that industrial and land use activities are having an adverse impact on our climate. Burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gasoline creates global warming pollution that acts as the glass in a greenhouse, reflecting heat back toward the Earth and warming our climate. If we do not take steps now to reduce our emissions of global warming pollution, we will suffer serious environmental, public health, and economic repercussions. We owe it to our next generations to leave them a healthy environment and economy. Industries must start reducing their emissions of global warming pollution before we seal the fate of future generations. The earth's climate is predicted to change because human activities are altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases (primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide). Its functions are similarly to the walls and roof of a greenhouse, allowing sunlight to enter, but preventing heat from escaping. Sunlight passes through the atmosphere and heats the earths surface. The earth gives off heat energy, in the form of infrared radiation, which travels back toward the atmosphere. Instead of going into space, some of the infrared radiation is trapped by greenhouse gases (Schneider, 1989). The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and ozone. The gases send infrared radiation back to the earth's surface. Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Certain human activities, however, add to the levels of most of these naturally occurring gases: 1) Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere when solid waste, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), and wood and wood products are burned. 2) Methane is emitted during the producti...

Gender issues in Friel Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender issues in Friel Play - Essay Example The literature discussion in this paper will focus on Friel’s play: Gender issues are as important as memory in Friel’s play, from Helen Lojek’s article the Dancing at Lughnasa and The Unfinished Revolution. The paper will use external literally articles to support the above argument. The paper will use the external article Brian Friel, Dancing at Lughnasa by Suman Gupta while focusing on the topic to assert the truth in the statement. Gender issues command a great influence in social lifestyle as described by Lojek and Gupta their articles. Lojek introduces her article by describing the views she observed in Brian Friel play about gender inequality. Friel (1993:46) observed the women struggle in the Irish Republic and indicated that societal revolution has yielded very little in creating equal opportunity for women (Lojek, 2007:79). The religious paternalism and secularisation that is evident in the society has not revolutionised the women world; instead, it has subjected them to social imbalances where women are symbols of insignificant ideals. The cultural trend in the Irish society promoted legislations that subjected women to roles within their homes. These cultural trends did not only infringe the advancement of women bright within their home boundaries, but also within the whole nation. Preservation of equality in the Irish society was equally hard because of the cultural influence. Lojek (2007:80) observed that despite the constitutional declaration in 1922, women could not rise from the bondage of culture to enjoy the newfound freedom that set them free from the tyrannical gender perception. Lojek (2007:80) pointed on the early work of Friel in which the central focus was the father son relationship. The relationship inspires the play while setting trends for women to follow. Women had limited choices to make especially when it came to making controversial decisions that were outside the home boundary. The play of Friel is a revela tion about the societal perception about how gender is instrumental to civilisation. The society could not make steps without the contribution of women, yet it does not appear in Friel play that the same society acknowledged women efforts. The cultural perceptions created patriarchal system where gender perception characterised the choice that the society made. Concerning this, Friel could not miss to acknowledge the characteristics of the Irish community as described by Lojek in her article. The documentations of gender related issues have given rise constitution amendment, which aimed at transforming the society into a much better place for human survival. The traditional trends in the Irish community promoted the male gender bias as opposed to equality centred community. Gupta described societal inclinations in her article by focusing on human activities shaped by gender perception. In particular, Gupta (2012:242) observed the social trends in Ireland in relation to gender and re marked that the social trends were subject to gender inclination. The same would apply to the views projected by Friel. The society has defined its social chores with respect to gender, thus a woman place would be the kitchen. The same trend was applicable during the world war where male gender was subject war while the female gender was subject to duties within their homes. The correlation that exists between two paradigms is the place of gender in relation an individual position in the society. The participation of women in political activities as well as running church matters is a concern that Lojek has addressed in her article. She posits that women do not participate in political affairs of their countries or geographical origins (Lojek, 2007:83). The same trend seems to apply in churches. Women are critical to the societal growth at whatever level, however, the society does not seem to recognise their role in steering the societal ideals. Politics is crucial to development so cial ideals because it influences